{"id":3234,"date":"2024-06-21T15:42:53","date_gmt":"2024-06-21T15:42:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/?post_type=white-papers&#038;p=3234"},"modified":"2024-09-06T17:22:37","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T17:22:37","slug":"evaluation-of-an-improved-sample-preparation-method-for-quantative-analysis-of-very-low-levels-of-airborne-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-for-worker-protection-and-health-screening","status":"publish","type":"white-papers","link":"https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/white-papers-tech-notes\/evaluation-of-an-improved-sample-preparation-method-for-quantative-analysis-of-very-low-levels-of-airborne-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-for-worker-protection-and-health-screening\/","title":{"rendered":"Evaluation of an Improved Sample Preparation Method for Quantative Analysis of Very Low Levels of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Worker Protection and Health Screening"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>By: Nicolas Falquet, Gilles d\u2019Esperonnat &amp; Rob Darrington<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introduction\">Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are large class of compounds comprising&nbsp;two or more fused aromatic rings. PAHs are naturally occurring in fossil fuels and&nbsp;their derived products and can be formed during incomplete combustion of carbon&nbsp;based fuels. As such they are a by-product of many industrial processes. PAHs vary&nbsp;greatly in size, nature and hazard to human health, some are not classified as toxic,&nbsp;where as others are known carcinogens. The IARC specified 16 as being of particular&nbsp;interest, others have subsequently added this list. In all, over 100 PAHs have been&nbsp;described.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Given the risks and potential risks to human health presented by PAHs, many high&nbsp;risk organisations, such as Foundries, Bitumen Works &amp; Smoke Houses routinely&nbsp;monitor workers and their environment for PAH levels. Typically PAHs are trapped&nbsp;using filters (particulate forms) or resins such as XAD2 (gaseous forms) through&nbsp;which work place environmental air is drawn. Filters may be situated in a small&nbsp;device attached to the workers overalls, or from larger units measuring the air in a&nbsp;wider area. Potential problems exist when recovering the PAHs from the filters and&nbsp;preparing the samples for analysis, principally, losses due to PAH volatility are&nbsp;reported for bi- and tri-cyclic PAHs (ISO11338-2:2003). Therefore, ITGA undertook&nbsp;a study to improve sample recovery and therefore PAH determination when working&nbsp;with low and very low levels of analytes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sample-preparation-methodology\">Sample Preparation Methodology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Methods for workplace sampling are well described in the literature (NFX43-294 and&nbsp;Method Metropol 011) and result in samples trapped on glass or quartz fibre filters.&nbsp;The filters are preserved and delivered to the analytical laboratory. The whole filter&nbsp;placed into a barcoded vial, 10ml dichloromethane (DCM) is added and the tube&nbsp;placed in an ultrasonic bath at room temperature for 15 minutes to extract the&nbsp;analytes. This operation is repeated once with 10ml of DCM to optimise extraction.&nbsp;Following extraction the sample is concentrated to 1ml using a nitrogen blowing&nbsp;system and then analysed via HPLC coupled to a Fluorescence detector. XAD2 resin&nbsp;tubes may be used as an alternative to fibre filters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"423\" height=\"605\" src=\"https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2023\/07\/6-Nitrofuran.jpeg?w=423\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-827\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2023\/07\/6-Nitrofuran.jpeg 423w, https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2023\/07\/6-Nitrofuran.jpeg?resize=210,300 210w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-evaluation-of-new-sample-preparation-methodology\">Evaluation of new Sample Preparation Methodology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A standard solution containing the US-EPA 16&nbsp;PAHs (as defined by IARC, 1987) was spiked&nbsp;onto quartz fibre filters or XAD2 resin tubes and&nbsp;allowed to air dry. The filters \/ tubes were then&nbsp;extracted twice using 7ml DCM and sonnication&nbsp;in the ultrasonic bath for 15 minutes at room&nbsp;temperature. The combined sample (14ml) had a&nbsp;100ul aliquot removed. This was made up to 1ml&nbsp;with acetonitrile was taken and injected into&nbsp;HPLC-Fluorescence to provide a 100% reference.&nbsp;The remaining DCM had 100\uf06dl 2-pentanol added&nbsp;as a solvent keep and was evaporated via&nbsp;centrifugal vacuum evaporation in the Genevac&nbsp;EZ-2 Envi (Figure 1). Temperature and pressure&nbsp;during evaporation were controlled such that the&nbsp;DCM evaporates but the 2-pentanol does not, as&nbsp;previously described by Marsico (2006) and&nbsp;Massat et al. (2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Figure 1 (right)<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Genevac EZ-2 Envi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The samples were then made up to 1ml using acetonitrile and injected into HPLCFluorescence&nbsp;for analysis. Recoveries for all analytes, even the most volatile were in&nbsp;excess of 90% and the fit of the analytical curve to the reference sample was very&nbsp;good, and shown in figure 2 below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The samples were then made up to 1ml using acetonitrile and injected into HPLCFluorescence&nbsp;for analysis. Recoveries for all analytes, even the most volatile were in&nbsp;excess of 90% and the fit of the analytical curve to the reference sample was very&nbsp;good, and shown in figure 2 below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"930\" height=\"611\" src=\"https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2023\/07\/figure-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-835\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2023\/07\/figure-2.jpeg 930w, https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2023\/07\/figure-2.jpeg?resize=300,197 300w, https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2023\/07\/figure-2.jpeg?resize=768,505 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 HPLC-Fluorescence Chromatogram Overlay of Reference Sample to Post&nbsp;Concentration Sample<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Red&nbsp;&#8211; the reference point.&nbsp;Blue&nbsp;&#8211; other chromatograms refer to the PAH compounds&nbsp;Naphthalene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-validation-of-the-process\">Validation of the Process<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Having delivered similar results to the existing method, and being beneficial in the&nbsp;sense of \u201cautomation\u201d of the concentration process, statistical validation of the&nbsp;process and equipment was required. Using the above methodology, a solution&nbsp;containing 14 PAH samples was spiked onto quartz fibre filters and also on to XAD2&nbsp;resin tubes. Filters were spiked at 100ng and 10ng. These were allowed to dry and&nbsp;extracted, concentrated and analysed. The process was repeated on six distinct&nbsp;occasions using new samples and solutions on each occasion. The results are&nbsp;presented in Figure 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 Data from Validation Studies&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mass Recovered (ng) and Recovery % are averages from each of the 6 repetitions&nbsp;performed. SD is the standard deviation across repetitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The results generally show excellent recovery and good standard deviation figures.&nbsp;Due to a contamination from XAD2 resin, for two compounds (naphthalene and&nbsp;acenaphtene) limits of quantification have been validated at 50ng instead of 10ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusions\">Conclusions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The new method of sample preparation was found to be superior to the existing&nbsp;methods. Recoveries are seemingly a little lower for the 10ng studies because this&nbsp;&nbsp;approaches the limit of detection of the analytical method. Following successful&nbsp;validation and external audit by COFRAC (Comit\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais d\u2019accr\u00e9ditation) the new method and systems have been adopted into routine daily use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-about-the-authors\">About the Authors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nicolas Falquet is Testing Manager at ITGA, a leading independent analytical testing&nbsp;laboratory, based at Le polygone, 46 rue de la T\u00e9l\u00e8matique, 42000 St-Etienne, France.&nbsp;&nbsp;ITGA is part of the Carso Group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gilles d\u2019Esperonnat is responsible for sales and service of Genevac evaporators in&nbsp;France and based in the Lyon area Rob Darrington is Product Manager at the Genevac head office, Farthing Road, Ipswich, IP1 5AP, UK.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>IARC. 1987. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, supplement 7, Overall evaluation of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs 1-42. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marsico, Anna Maria, 2006. Improving Analysis of Pesticides \u2013 a new method development protocol to increase recovery of volatile compounds. First published in Lab Asia, August 2006 &amp; available via&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.genevac.org\/en\/ArticleDetail.asp?S=6&amp;V=1&amp;ProductDownload=81\">http:\/\/www.genevac.org\/en\/ArticleDetail.asp?S=6&amp;V=1&amp;ProductDownload=81<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Massat, F, Planel, B &amp; Venezia, A, 2007, Evaluation of Evaporative Sample Preparation Techniques. First published in International Environmental Technology, March\/April 2008, pp 36, and also available via&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/genevac.org\/en\/ArticleDetail.asp?S=6&amp;V=1&amp;ProductDownload=134\">http:\/\/genevac.org\/en\/ArticleDetail.asp?S=6&amp;V=1&amp;ProductDownload=134<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NF X 43-294. June 1995. Sampling and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons INRS. 2007. Method Metropol 011. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. NF ISO 11338-2. March 2004. Determination of gas and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons &#8211; Part 2 : sample preparation, clean-up and determination.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By: Nicolas Falquet, Gilles d\u2019Esperonnat &amp; Rob Darrington Introduction Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are large class of compounds comprising&nbsp;two or more fused aromatic rings. P","protected":false},"author":420,"featured_media":0,"template":"","white-paper-category":[260,275,277],"coauthors":[74],"class_list":["post-3234","white-papers","type-white-papers","status-publish","hentry","white-paper-category-tech-note","white-paper-category-genevac","white-paper-category-sample-prep"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.8 (Yoast SEO v24.8.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Evaluation of an Improved Sample Preparation Method for Quantative Analysis of Very Low Levels of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Worker Protection and Health Screening - Scientific Products<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scientificproducts.com\/white-papers-tech-notes\/evaluation-of-an-improved-sample-preparation-method-for-quantative-analysis-of-very-low-levels-of-airborne-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-for-worker-protection-and-health-screening\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Evaluation of an Improved Sample Preparation Method for Quantative Analysis of Very Low Levels of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Worker Protection and Health Screening\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By: Nicolas Falquet, Gilles d\u2019Esperonnat &amp; Rob Darrington Introduction Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are large class of compounds comprising&nbsp;two or more fused aromatic rings. 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